Following Glory: Two New Yorkers Recall the Charge on Battery Wagner

Much historical attention has been focused on the efforts of the 54^th Massachusetts in being the initial regiment of the assault upon Battery Wagner on July 18, 1863; however, today’s post dives into the story of the Federal regiments that followed the 54^th in the assault column. A total of two brigades took part in the assault- the leading brigade under General George C. Strong was led by the 54^th Massachusetts, followed by the 6^th Connecticut, then the 48^th New York, all of which managed to climb the ramparts, but the remainder of Strong’s brigade (the 9^th Maine, 3^rd New Hampshire, and 76^th Pennsylvania) became pinned down by Confederate artillery fire and did not get into the fort.

          The ‘second wave’ of the assault column was Colonel Haldimand Putnam’s four-regiment brigade consisting of his own 7^th New Hampshire, the 100^th New York, and two Buckeye regiments, the 62^nd Ohio and 67^th Ohio both of whose stories at Battery Wagner have been previously covered on the blog. Putnam’s men had no better success than General Strong’s men and suffered heavy casualties trying to push the assault over the hump. Shortly after midnight, the exhausted Federals fell back leaving hundreds of their dead and wounded strewn along the ramparts.

          Today’s post will feature accounts from a pair of New Yorkers who took part in the ill-fated assault: William W. Watkins of the 48^th New York and William H. Mason on Co. C of the 100^th New York. Watkins, wounded and captured during the assault, called it simply “a short work of death.” Both letters originally saw publication in New York state newspapers and appear courtesy of the New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center.

 

Lieutenant Colonel James M. Green of the 48th New York was killed in action at Battery Wagner on July 18, 1863 "while driving his knife into a Secesh gunner" as William Watkins relates in his account. Green, a native of Brooklyn, initially led Co. F of the 48th as captain before being promoted successively to major in June 1862 then lieutenant colonel at the end of the year. In early 1863, he posed for the image above while the regiment was stationed at Fort Pulaski, Georgia.
(Liljenquist Family Collection, Library of Congress)

Private William W. Watkins, Co. B, 48^th New York:

          This morning, the 48^th New York came into camp, wet through, and completely used up after all these days and nights of excitement and hard work. They had one ration of whiskey and received a few hours sleep when the regiment was ordered to move to the front in line of battle. The batteries and naval ships had already opened fire and were directing their fire on Fort Wagner when suddenly Fort Sumter and other well-known Rebel strongholds were all speaking by the cannon’s loud voice.

          It was a grand sight for us to witness. About 5 or 6 p.m., we received a ration of whiskey having had but little to eat during the day; all around us as far as we could see was one swarm of shells flying and exploding. As evening grew near, the sea breeze fanned us a little then we started double quick up the beach for Fort Wagner. Cheers were given to the 48^th by other regiments, General Strong riding along without hat or cap, noticing us as if it might be for the last time, but it was a brave and honest expression of hope for victory. We heartily cheered the general and on we went, under severe shelling from Sumter from which place we could be seen and our motive understood.

          When within a few yards of Fort Wagner, volley followed volley, and the Minie balls took down our men while in turned we aimed at the heads of the Secesh. A steady battle was not on the work, the shades of night overtook us and the fight grew more desperate. Our men fell but gained steadily, crossing the moat and over the first ditch, and on to the parapet with our colors. Colonel Barton was wounded; Lieutenant Colonel James Green of Troy, N.Y. was killed while driving his knife into a Secesh gunner. General Strong was wounded, too, but on they came to the slaughter.

Lieutenant (later major) James A. Barrett
Co. H, 48th, N.Y.
Wounded at Fort Wagner

          Our men are in close action and two bayonets were run through a Rebel colonel who boldly came out in the night endeavoring to rally his men “to glory” as he remarked. Private Burnett of Co. K took the Rebel’s sword and brought it from the battleground. Now came the tug of war. The 9^th Maine played on us the same trick they had previously done on the same ground with the 76^th Pennsylvania; it seems hard to go back on any regiment that has anything to do in this war, but so very important to us was the capture of Fort Wagner that any regiment which failed to support the storming party already grasping the prize should receive the worst of censure.

          We found the fort was arched with caves and holes in the earth, entrenchments and ditches all filled with the enemy waiting for us. There were sand heaps of great thickness, palmetto logs, cotton bales, iron, and being regularly casemated it will take much naval power to reduce it.

          Our men were being taken prisoners and we in turn took some Rebels prisoners. It was a hand-to-hand fight. I was taken prisoner but escaped the same night. On my way back to our lines, a shell from Sumter exploded within two or three feet of my face and from that instant I have not been able to write until today (July 29^th). I didn’t know anything until the next day at about 11 o’clock when I was brought off the battlefield by two privates of another regiment who, in the excitement of the hour, took me to be a Rebel.

          The 100^th New York, by some mistake, fired into our regiment and did much injury to the 48^th. Glass bottles, nails, hand grenades, buckshot, and small pigeon shot were used against us; and it can be proved that chain shot was used as a piece was brought off by our men. It was a short work of death. But few of the old 48^th volunteers are now left. But the Rebels say the 48^th did not fight like men but like tigers and also that no short contest since the war started has equaled the desperate charge on the night of the 18^th at Fort Wagner.

          Could the regiments but have had light to see and work harmoniously, the fort would have been ours but as strong a place as it is, and dark as it was that night, it is no wonder that large a number were killed and wounded.

 

Casualties sustained at Fort Wagner advanced George H. Stowits from second lieutenant to first lieutenant of Co. K of the 100th New York. Promoted to captain and transferred to Co. A on October 23, 1864, he was wounded four days later in the fighting on Darbytown Road during the Petersburg campaign. 

Private William H. Mason, Co. C, 100^th New York:

          On July 18^th at daylight, we fell back from the picket line to the rifle pits. The Rebs commenced shelling us as soon as they could see to which our gunboats answered rapidly. Around the middle of the forenoon, our batteries opened and the ironclads commenced moving up and at 11:55 the first shot was fired from the iron fleet, the wooden blockaders keeping up a smart fire at long range.  Moultrie kept almost perfect silence during the day. The bombardment continued from land and water until about 5 o’clock when it appeared that the fort had been silenced.

          The columns then commenced moving to take it by storm. Fort Sumter shelled our troops as they advanced until we got to within close range of Fort Wagner then the Rebs poured in a murderous fire of grape, canister, and musketry, besides throwing hand grenades. Regiment after regiment charged on the fort, each one retreating in good order in their turn except the 9^th Maine which broke and ran in a confused mass through the lines of the 6^th Connecticut, 7^th New Hampshire, and the 100^th New York. The 54^th Massachusetts led the charge and did well with the exception of a few panic-stricken men.

          Not more than half of any regiment in the charge came out unhurt. We had almost 4,000 men in the field with no artillery against 1,500 men behind breastworks, pits, and bomb-proofs. It was dark when the fight commenced and it lasted about three hours. Our retreating, battle-worn, and wounded troops were fired into and cut down by our own drunken artillerymen of the 1^st U.S. and 5^th Rhode Island who answered the groans of the wounded with “Go to the front you cowardly dogs, or we will blow your brains out!”

          Our regiment went in with 15 officers and 509 enlisted men; the next morning the assembly was beat to ascertain our loss. All we could muster was five officers and 225 men.

 Sources:

Letter from Private William W. Watkins, Co. B, 48^th New York, Brooklyn City News (New York), August 1863

Letter from Private William H. Mason, Co. C, 100^th New York Volunteer Infantry, Buffalo Morning Express (New York), July 29, 1863, pg. 2