Losing Our Battery: At the railroad cut at Atlanta

            Corporal James G. Eastwood, a veteran artillerist in Battery A of the 1st Illinois Light Artillery, had seen action at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Missionary Ridge, but none of those battles could hold a candle to what he experienced on the afternoon of July 22, 1864 outside of Atlanta, Georgia. “This is the roughest we were ever handled,” he later confessed.


          The Woodstock, Illinois native joined in battery in February 1862 and when it mustered out of service on July 12, 1864, Eastwood along with other 1862 enlistees and those who chose to veteranize, was consolidated with like men from Battery B of the 1st Illinois Light Artillery to form a “new” Battery A. Lieutenant Theodore W. Raub of Battery F took command of one section of guns while Lieutenant Samuel S. Smith of Battery B took command of another; overall command of the six-gun battery fell to 24-yar-old Captain Francis De Gress of Battery H who was chief of artillery for the division. Both batteries were assigned to the Second Division (General Morgan L. Smith) of “Black Jack” Logan’s 15th Army Corps.


The scene of Corporal Eastwood's account; a depiction of the railroad cut at Atlanta on July 22, 1864 from the Cyclorama. 



          “Not having enough men to run the battery, a detail of infantry was obtained,” Eastwood wrote. “On July 20th, we advanced with the 17th Corps on the extreme left, the 15th, 16th, and 23rd Corps joining on the right while the Second Division of the 15th Corps was placed on the railroad. We skirmished with the enemy all day and discovered that they had a line of works about two and half miles from Atlanta. One section of our battery was ordered to the skirmish line and one arriving there we could plainly see the Rebels and one piece of their artillery. General Logan ordered us to fire on that gun and on doing so their replied with it and two others, making it pretty warm for the boys. One shell burst under the gun, killing one man instantly and mortally wounding another. The General thought it was pretty rough and ordered us to pull out which we did pretty lively I can tell you. That night we threw up breastworks and the next day the 17th Corps made a charge and gained a splendid position but lost middling heavy.”


          Early on the morning of the 22nd, we discovered that the Rebels had fallen back in front of the 15th Corps and our skirmishers advanced three quarters of a mile without meeting much opposition and after some heavy skirmishing, they found the Rebels had another line of works. Our while line immediately advanced as far as the works the Rebels had evacuated and formed behind them, the pioneers going immediately to work to remodel them. About 9 a.m. heavy firing commenced on the extreme left; the 17th Corps not having advanced, the firing was nearly in our rear. We kept our position however, though the firing kept getting heavier on the left all the time. Stragglers and non-combatants came rushing back with the cry “we are all cut to pieces” but the firing gradually ceased, and we knew that our men held their position. The 16th and 17th Corps repulsed the Rebels, killing or wounding hundreds of them, as well as capturing a great many.


          After the Rebels were repulsed on the left, they immediately shifted their men to the front of the 15th Corps and advanced to our works, which, not being completely remodeled, were not very formidable. We gave them canister, shot, and shell, but the works not being fixed for artillery, we could not depress our guns enough to do much execution. On they came; our infantry support broke and ran on seeing the enemy so close and they came over our works right among us. A great many of the battery boys ran, and other thinking it was no use to run, surrendered. Most of those that ran escaped, but some were badly wounded. The boys in reality fired the guns after they were in the hands of the Rebels.

A depiction of the Confederate capture of Captain De Gress' battery on July 22, 1864. 
(The Mountain Campaigns of Georgia)


          James W. Porter, acting orderly sergeant of the battery, when he saw the Rebels come over the walls, laid down beside Lieutenant Raub who had been killed and then Rebels ran over him and all around them. He would hear them dragging off our guns and cursing the Yanks and said they seemed very much excited. He lay there an hour and a half under two fires and was finally relieved by our men making a charge and driving the Rebels back. He took a musket and went out with the infantry and brought in two prisoners.


          That night we occupied the same position as in the morning behind the Rebel works. The battery sustained a loss of 20 men: four killed, seven wounded, and nine captured. We also lost most of our horses and four guns and both commissioned officer in the battery; Lieutenant Smith being captured and Raub killed. They were both brave officers. This is a little the roughest we were ever handled. The Second Division lost 300 men killed and wounded and 400 captured, but our loss was slight compared to the Rebels.


          On the 23rd, large details were busy burying the Rebels’ and our dead and at night they were not all buried. We have drawn two new guns making a four-gun battery and we are busy organizing our battery.


A lengthy discussion of the capture of De Gress' battery can be viewed here. 

Comments

Post a Comment

Most Popular Posts

Arming the Buckeyes: Longarms of the Ohio Infantry Regiments

Image
     A common question that comes up in conversation about Civil War Buckeye regiments is "What were they armed with?" We are fortunate in that the state of Ohio kept good records of how the regiments were armed when they went into service, this being especially true for those regiments which went into service in 1861 and 1862. The state adjutant general's reports for 1861 and 1862 have been heavily drawn upon to construct this article, as well as consultation with Phil Spaugy who has done extensive research on how Ohio's troops were armed during the war.      Buckeyes carried a fairly wide variety of weapons into the field, and the below article breaks this down into weapons of both domestic manufacture and imported arms. The early days of the war found the state of Ohio practically bereft of longarms; as an example, when the 1st and 2nd Ohio Volunteer Militia left the state in late April 1861, they left unarmed, being armed at Lancaster, Pennsylvania on t...
Read more

Bullets for the Union: Manufacturing Small Arms Ammunition During the Civil War

Image
       Civil War bullets are perhaps the most common item collected from the era; the two armies expended bullets by the millions during the four years’ conflict and spent or deformed bullets of all shapes and sizes have made fascinating and affordable collectibles since the guns went silent in 1865.       I recently acquired a display piece featuring 35 different types of small arms ammunition used during the Civil War, including everything from a small .28 caliber ball up to a .69 caliber three-ring Minie and it triggered some questions: how did the Federal army obtain its small arms ammunition during the war? Where did the lead come from to make the bullets, and where and how was the ammunition manufactured? This post seeks to answer those questions. A typical .58 caliber 3-ring Minie bullet   “Whenever the blasts of war blow in the ears of men who trade in the implements of destruction, they are apt to experience more joy than the true ...
Read more

Dressing the Rebels: How to Dye Butternut Jeans Cloth

Image
     In the early days of the Civil War,  the Southern states found themselves with an abundance of cotton but a shortage of cloth with which to make army uniforms. The trade in cloth prior to the war had largely been to send raw cotton or wool north to New England (or Great Britain) where it was converted into usable cloth; but now that trade was broken and the Southern states were thrown upon their own resources in their efforts to properly clothe the Confederate army.  This collection of Confederate enlisted men's frock coats and shell jackets gives some indication of the variety of shades of butternut worn during the war. All of them are shades of yellow brown, some heavier on the yellow and some heavier on the brown. The blue used around the collar or as rank insignia indicates that the soldier was in the infantry. Surviving Confederate uniforms are considered rather rare and command quite a healthy price in the collecting market. For an in-depth study of h...
Read more

The Wizard of Oz and the Civil War

Image
T he 1939 film The Wizard of Oz has delighted viewers for 85 years and ranks as a personal favorite, especially during the Halloween season. While watching it with the family the other night, I wondered if there were any connections between the film and the Civil War. Not surprisingly, the answer is yes and those connections touch both the blue and the gray.           Interestingly both “witches” in the film not only had Civil War ancestors but had connections with Civil War soldiers from Ohio. Margaret Hamilton, the “Wicked Witch of the West,” was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 9, 1902, to attorney Walter Jones Hamilton and his wife Mary Jane Adams; Margaret’s grandfather was Judge Edwin Timothy Hamilton. Judge Hamilton had served as a private in Co. D of the 84 th Ohio Infantry during the summer of 1862. The 84 th Ohio, a three months’ regiment, served nearly the whole of its service attached to the Railroad District in western Ma...
Read more

The Vaunted Enfield Rifle Musket

Image
     The English-made Model 1853 .577 caliber Enfield Rifle Musket was widely regarded as the best infantry arm in the world at the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861. Favorable international press describing its efficiency in the Crimean War and in suppressing the Indian rebellion led to the widespread desire of American infantrymen (both Federal and Confederate) to be armed with these accurate and well-made arms. The lock plate of this well-worn P1853 Enfield rifle musket produced in 1862 shows the typical markings of a British-made weapon that made it through the Federal blockade.  ( Army of Tennessee Relics ) Enfield-pattern weapons were imported into the states by the tens and hundreds of thousands during the war years; one estimate stated that the Federal government purchased 500,000 while the Confederates purchased another 400,000. The Confederate government dispatched Captain Caleb Huse to Europe in April 1861 to purchase weapons and Huse focused on se...
Read more

In front of Atlanta with the 68th Ohio

Image
  The arrow corps badge of the 17th Army Corps was worn by many members of the 68th Ohio in the latter days of the war.       Private Edward A. Bigelow of Co. F of the 68th Ohio Volunteer Infantry wrote this brief account of the Battle of Atlanta just two days afterwards to his father back home in Henry County, Ohio. The regiment formed a part of Colonel Robert K. Scott's three regiment all-Ohio brigade consisting of the 20th, 68th, and 78th regiments, being designated the Second Brigade of the Third Division of Frank Blair's 17th Army Corps. Bigelow's letter originally appeared in the Napoleon Press newspaper and was copied in the Toledo Daily Commercial which was providential as no known copies exist today of the wartime Napoleon Press.  
Read more

Charging Battery Robinett: An Alabama Soldier Recalls the Vicious Fighting at Corinth

Image
W riting 30 years after the Battle of Corinth, James A. McKinstry of the 42 nd Alabama recalled his experiences storming Battery Robinett with Colonel William P. Rogers of the 2 nd Texas and expressed guilt that it was perhaps his action that brought about the colonel’s demise. “On seeing a line of Federals approaching, and before giving the situation a thought, I immediately raised my gun and fired full into the breast of a Federal sergeant, who was in front of the column, and only a short distance from us.  'Twas then that Captain George Foster shouted, "Cease firing, men! cease firing!" and waved his handkerchief, then I realized the true situation. 'Twas too late! That fatal volley had been turned on our little band from the muzzles of 1,500 muskets. I was still standing just as I was when I fired my last shot, and within a few feet of Colonel Rogers, when a Minie ball went crashing through my left hip and turned me half round; another went tearing through my ...
Read more

Cook & Brother of New Orleans

Image
    The lockplate of a New Orleans-made Cook & Brother Enfield rifle produced in 1862 shows the fine craftsmanship that became the hallmark of the maker throughout the Civil War. Note the stars and bars flag at left, an emblem used on C&B's production throughout the war and the Cook & Brother, N.O. 1862 markings. Earlier production weapons at New Orleans had the flag located just above the maker's name while later weapons produced in Athens, Georgia would have a modified flag and Athens on the plate followed by the serial number.        In the spring of 1861, two English-born businessmen, Ferdinand and Francis Cook of New Orleans, perceived the need for the South to have its own domestic production of firearms and  set out to prove "that rifles could made here as well as in Yankee land or in Europe." The brothers  elected to produce copies of the British Model 1853 .577 caliber Enfield rifle as this was considered the benchmark longarm...
Read more

I Want to See a Battle: A Hoosier at Shiloh

Image
W riting in his diary, Private Manius Buchanan of the 29 th Indiana recalled the eagerness with which his regiment marched towards Savannah, Tennessee with the sounds of the battle of Shiloh ringing in their ears.           “The forced march was kept up until 2 p.m. when we were halted until 4 p.m,” he noted. “The rest was really needed, but the continual question is ‘Why are we stopped here?’ The sound of battle increased in volume and anxiety to be up and doing grows more intense. As I am weak from a late sickness, I am urged to fall to the rear; but no, in common with all, I want to see a battle and fear this will be my only chance.” The regiment would go into action the following afternoon, and of the four neighborhood boys who had enlisted together in Co. B, only Buchanan escaped unscathed. One afternoon's exposure to the horrors of battle was all it took to satisfy this Hoosier's desire to see the elephant. “I wanted to see a battl...
Read more

An Interview with Forrest in May 1864

Image
  “The noise of battle is the only music that ravishes the senses of Forrest.” I t was May 1864. Back east, the Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of the Potomac were locked in the deadly dance of the Overland Campaign while in Georgia, General William Tecumseh Sherman's army squared off against General Joseph E. Johnston and the Army of the Tennessee in the campaign for Atlanta.       Based in relatively quiet northern Mississippi, General Nathan Bedford Forrest bided his time waiting for a Federal advance from Memphis. Earlier in the month, General Samuel Sturgis led a brief campaign into Mississippi but Forrest was sure Sturgis would venture out again. In the meantime, he tried to keep his reorganized command intact despite persistent demands from his superiors that he return the absentees and deserters who inflated his ranks (nearly 1,000 in number) to their original commands.      Around this same time,  an old acquaintance from Me...
Read more